Philippine Politics and Governance: Quarter 1 - Module 1

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Senior High School

Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Concepts of Politics and Governance Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High SchoolAlternative Delivery ModeQuarter 1 – Module 1: The Concepts of Politics and GovernanceFirst Edition, 2020

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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from theirrespective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownershipover them.

Published by the Department of EducationNicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO VRonelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO VLibrada M. Rubio, PhD

Development Team of the Module Writers: Christian C. Linsangan Anna Maria G. Mejia Rochelle G. Tuliao Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD Erwin C. Pagtalunan Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD Sergio B. Gonzales Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec Illustrator: Neil John L. Supan Layout Artist: Ric Jayson M. Santos Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V Librada M. Rubio, PhD Angelica M. Burayag, PhD Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD Jayne M. Garcia, EdD Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region IIIOffice Address: Matalino St., D.M. Government Center, Maimpis, City of San FernandoTelefax: (045) 598-8580 to 89E-mail Address: [email protected] Senior High School

Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Concepts of Politics and Governance Introductory MessageFor the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance –Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)Module on The Concepts of Politics and Governance!

This module was designed, developed and reviewed toassist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping thelearners meet the standards set by the K to 12Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learnersinto guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skillswhile taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body ofthe module:

Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to managetheir own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist thelearners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School AlternativeDelivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Concepts of Politics and Governance!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used todepict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create andaccomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learneris capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies andskills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities forguided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled toprocess the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

iii Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv What I Need to Know

This module introduces to you the basicconcepts and vital elements of politics,government and governance. Specifically, itwill help you understand the diversemeanings of politics and the different ways ofviewing it. The part about government andgovernance will make it clear to you thedifferences between the two concepts andexplain their interconnectedness. At the endof the module, you will be able to relate theconcepts that you have learned with youreveryday life by identifying a specific politicalphenomenon and how it can be studied.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – The Meaning of Politics and How it can be Studied • Lesson 2 – Government and Governance

After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain the definition of politics; 2. differentiate the various views on politics; 3. recognize the value of politics; and 4. differentiate governance from government.

1 What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correctanswer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It refers to the exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions. a. Civil Society b. Governance c. Government d. Politics

2. Indicator of good governance wherein the most vulnerable ones are taken into consideration. a. Accountability b. Equity and inclusiveness c. Participatory d. Transparency

3. How did Aristotle view politics? a. Politics as compromise is preferable to violence b. Politics is closely associated with the activities of politicians. c. Politics does not infringe upon ‘personal’ affairs and institutions. d. Politics allows human beings to have an attempt in improving their lives and create the Good Society.

4. What view about politics stresses the statement: Conflict resolution is at the heart of politics? a. Politics as power b. Politics as public affairs c. Politics as art of government d. Politics as compromise and consensus

5. If you are studying politics, you are studying the government. Two aspects are under this setting: one is on the personnel of the government, while the other aspect is on what? a. Civil Society b. Government policies c. Machinery of government d. Officials of government

2 6. What do you call the formal institutions through which a group of people is ruled or governed? a. Civil Society b. Governance c. Government d. Politics

7. According to this characteristic of good governance, every person or group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect public interest. a. Accountability b. Responsiveness c. Rule of Law d. Transparency

8. Which among the choices below refers to the importance of government? a. building alliances b. maintenance of peace and order c. promotion of war d. winning elections

9. What do you call the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of their country’s citizens or inhabitants and is also based on the realization that the government alone cannot do everything for the people? a. Authority b. Basic rights c. Corruption d. Governance

10. What characteristic of good governance requires that people are open to information regarding decision-making process and the implementation of decisions? a. Accountability b. Responsiveness c. Transparency d. Zeal

11. What term pertains to organizations that are private in nature but have public functions or objectives that affect the process of governance? a. Civil Society b. Governance c. Government d. State

3 12. Which view on politics states that the distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘the ‘nonpolitical’ coincides with the division between the activities of the state and civil societies? a. Politics as power b. Politics as public affairs c. Politics as art of government d. Politics as compromise and consensus

13. According to this view, to study politics is in essence to study government or the exercise of authority. a. Politics as power b. Politics as public affairs c. Politics as art of government d. Politics as compromise and consensus

14. Active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision- making process is the hallmark of this indicator of good governance. a. Accountability b. Consensus c. Equity and inclusiveness d. Participatory

15. This view sees politics to be present in all social activities, the ability to achieve a desired outcome and a struggle over limited resources. a. Politics as power b. Politics as public affairs c. Politics as art of government d. Politics as compromise and consensus

4 Lesson The Meaning of Politics and 1 How It Can Be Studied

What’s New

The image above was lifted from an article about fighting against terrorism in thePhilippines. What can you say about the image?

Politics is exciting because people have different viewpoints. As Andrew Heywoodstated, people may disagree about how they should live. Who should get what? Howshould power and other resources be distributed? Should society be based oncooperation or conflict? He further stressed that humans also disagree about howsuch matters should be resolved. How should collective decisions be made? Whoshould have a say? How much influence should each person have?

Defining politics and identifying its scope of study is not easy. Although there is noagreed single meaning of politics, it is often understood as a social activity.

5 What is It

Defining PoliticsHere are some of the definitions ofpolitics offered by subject matterexperts:

- in broadest sense, it is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood, 2007)

- activity or process by which groups reach and enforce binding decisions. (Hague & Harrop, 2013)

- activity by which different interests within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare and the survival of the whole community. (Crick, 2005)

- set of activities that organizes individuals, systematically resolves disputes, and maintains order in society through creation and enforcement of rules and government policy. (Barrington et al. 2010)

- activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the Good Society. (Aristotle in Heywood, 2007)

Studying Politics - The Different Views About Politics(Heywood, 2007)This topic will help you gain a deeper understanding about politics.

A. Politics as the art of government Politics is viewed as an art or practical application of knowledge for the achievement of a particular objective. This is considered the classical definition of politics: the art of government or the exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective or group decisions.

Here are the additional features of this view about politics:

➢ This view was developed in Ancient Greece. Remember, the word politics is derived from the ancient Greek word polis, which literally means city-state.

6 Politics can be understood to refer to the affairs or concerns of the polis or its modern meaning what concerns the state.

➢ If you are studying politics, you are studying the government. Two aspects are under this setting: Government personnel or the people in government and government machinery or the different government departments, offices, or agencies.

➢ Politics happens in cabinet rooms, legislative chambers, government departments.

➢ To study politics is to study the exercise of authority defined as legitimate power. Legitimate means it is acceptable for the people.

➢ Politics is engaged in by a limited and specific group of people, notably politicians, civil servants and lobbyists.

B. Politics as public affairsThis second view considers politics as what happens in the public sphere of life. It isimportant that you remember the distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘thenonpolitical’. It coincides with the division between what is public and what isprivate. If it happens in the public sphere, it is political.

To clarify, the distinction between the public and the private conforms with thedivision between the state and civil society. The institutions of the state (the officesof government, the courts, the police, the army, and so forth) can be regarded as‘public’ because they are responsible for the collective organization of community life.Moreover, they are funded at the public’s expense or out of taxation. In contrast, civilsociety consists of institutions such as private businesses, trade unions, clubs,community groups and so on that are ‘private’ in the sense that they are set up andfunded by individual citizens to satisfy their own interests, rather than those of thelarger society.

C. Politics as compromise and consensusThe third view about politics refers to the way inwhich decisions are made. Politics is seen as aparticular means of resolving conflict: that is, bycompromise, conciliation and negotiation, ratherthan through force and naked power. Thedescription of a solution to a problem as a‘political’ solution implies peaceful debate andarbitration, as opposed to what is often called a‘military’ solution. It is based on the belief thatsociety is characterized by consensus rather than by irreconcilable conflict. In otherwords, the disagreements that exist can be resolved without resort to intimidationand violence. This view of politics has a positive character. People should beencouraged to respect politics as an activity, and should be prepared to engage inthe political life of their own community.

7 D. Politics as powerThe fourth view sees politics to bepresent in all social activities.Politics takes place at every level ofsocial interaction; it can be foundwithin families and amongst smallgroups of friends just as much asamongst nations and on the globalstage. The presence of powermakes a particular social behavioror activity distinctively political. Politics under this view is in essence power or theability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means. Politics is seen as astruggle over limited resources, and power can be seen as the means through whichthis struggle is conducted. In politics, power is usually thought of as a relationship:that is, as the ability to influence the behavior of others in a manner not of theirchoosing. It is referred to in terms of having ‘power over’ people.

Remember, politics may be defined as: the art of government, public affairs,compromise and consensus, and power.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1Complete the concept map below. Write descriptions or related concepts around themain concept politics. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Politics

8 Using the concept map that you accomplished, explain the meaning of politics.

_________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2On the second column, write the view about politics that corresponds with each givenstatement on the first column. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Politics is seen as a peaceful way of resolving conflict.

2. Politics is seen as a struggle over limited resources, and power can be seen as the means through which this struggle is conducted.

3. Politics happens in the public sphere of life.

4. Politics as practical application of knowledge in the exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions.

9 Cite a recent political phenomenon or event and select the view about politics thatcan be used in studying it. Explain how that view can help you understand the citedpolitical event.

Political Phenomenon View About Politics Explanation

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the similarities among the given definitions of politics? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

10 2. Why is it important to know the different meanings of politics?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the importance of politics in our society? Explain your answer.

_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Make a campaign statement or slogan that promotes the importance or value ofpolitics in society. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

11 Lesson Government and 2 Governance

What’s In

You learned in Lesson 1 the various meanings and different views about politics.Remember that politics is a social activity and it can be studied using differentperspectives.

What’s New

This lesson will introduce to you the two important concepts of government andgovernance as well as the connections and differences between them.

What is It

The Government and its PurposesGovernment is the term generally used todescribe the formal institutions throughwhich a group of people is ruled or governed.The term extends to include the persons andorganizations that make, enforce, and applypolitical decisions for a society. (Mendozan.d.)

Government is created for the benefit of thepeople governed. It performs services or

12 functions that are beyond the capabilities of any individual or enterprise. Theimportant purposes of government are: (1) the maintenance of peace and order; (2)the protection of persons and property; (3) the administration of justice; (4) thepromotion of education; (5) the preservation of the state from external danger and;(5) the advancement of the physical, economic and social and cultural well-being ofthe people. (Leon 1991)

GovernanceGovernance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leadersfor the well-being of their country’s citizens or inhabitants.

It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society exercise power, and createpublic policies which directly affect the members of society. Governance is broader thangovernment in that other sectors are included in it. The government (also called thepublic sector) is always the main actor in governance but it is not the only actor.Governance is based on the realization that the government alone cannot do everythingfor the people. The main role of the government is to provide an enabling environmentfor the other actors of governance to participate and respond to the mandate of thecommon good. All actors other than the government are called the “civil society.” The civilsociety includes non-governmental organizations, and other community-based andsectoral organizations, such as association of farmers, charitable institutions,cooperatives, religious communities, political parties, and research institutes. Theseorganizations are private in nature but have public functions or objectives.

Indicators of Good GovernanceGood governance is understood through its eightindicators or characteristics: (1) Participatory; (2) Rule ofLaw; (3) Effective and Efficient; (4) Transparent; (5)Responsive; (6) Equitable and Inclusive; (7) ConsensusOriented; and (8) Accountability.

1. Participatory

Good governance essentially requires participation of different sectors of the society.Participation means active involvement of all affected and interested parties in thedecision-making process. It requires an enabling environment. Governance shouldno longer be government monopoly but government management or inter-sectoralparticipation.

2. Rule of Law

Good governance is fundamentally adherence to the rule of law. Rule of law demandsthat the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law and thegovernment acts within the limits of the powers and functions prescribed by the law.Rule of law also requires that laws are responsive to the needs of the society.

13 3. Effectiveness and Efficiency

Good governance requires that the institutions, processes, and actors could deliverand meet the necessities of the society in a way that available resources are utilizedwell. Public service delivery, especially of front-line agencies, must promptly andadequately serve the needs of the citizens. Doing so requires simplified governmentprocedures and inexpensive transaction costs.

4. Transparency

Transparency means that people are open to information regarding decision-makingprocess and the implementation of decisions. Information on matters of publicconcern are made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected.

5. Responsiveness

Responsiveness means that institutionsand processes serve all stakeholders in atimely and appropriate manner. Theinterests of all citizens must be wellprotected in a prompt and appropriatemanner so that each of them can appreciateand take part in the process of governance.

6. Equity and Inclusiveness

Equity and inclusiveness mean that all the members of the society, especially themost vulnerable ones must be taken into consideration. Everyone has a stake in thesociety and no one should feel alienated from it. Those who have less in life shouldhave more in law. Good governance demands that the actors must give preferentialattention to the conditions of the poor.

7. Consensus Oriented

Governance is consensus oriented whendecisions are made after taking intoconsideration the different viewpoints.Mechanisms for conflict resolution must bein place because inevitably conflict willarise from competing interests of the actors.Governance is based on the partnership ofthe actors of the society in providing publicservices.

14 8. Accountability

Accountability means answerability or responsibility for one’s action. It is based onthe principle that every person or group is responsible for their actions mostespecially when their acts affect public interest. The actors have an obligation toexplain and be answerable for the consequences of decisions and actions they havemade on behalf of the community it serves.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1On the box provided below, choose three important purposes of government, draw 1symbol connected with each purpose and provide a brief explanation. Write youranswer on a separate sheet of paper.

Purpose of Government Symbols Explanation

15 ACTIVITY 2Look for three words/concepts that are related with good governance in the searchbox below then explain each word based on your understanding. Write your answeron a separate sheet of paper.

R D R S R E S P O N S I V E N E S S T U B W X Z T R A N S P A R E N C Y R S T N M S Y O P S J K E R G H T I B I T Y A C C O U N T A B I L I T Y A R T I P A T E P A R T I C I P A T O R Y R Y U N M O E F F E C T I V E H J A S D F T I V E J K A R C Y E F F I C I E N C Y Y C O N S E N S U S N E S S I V I N C L U S I V E N E S S A A G H S

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

16 What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Choose one purpose of the government and explain its significance._________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. How is government related with governance?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the importance of good governance in the lives of the people?_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

17 What I Can Do

Complete the table below. Write your answer on a separatesheet of paper.

First column: Write your most important learning about goodgovernanceSecond column: Cite a political phenomenon related to yourmost important learning.Third column: How can you apply your most important learningin analyzing the political phenomenon in second column?

What I Know Political Phenomenon Application

18 Assessment

MATCHING TYPE. Match the descriptions in Column A with the correct concepts inColumn B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A B 1. Activity through which people make, a. Governance preserve and amend the rules under which they live. b. Government 2. Good governance: every person or group are responsible for their actions affecting public interest. c. Participatory 3. Conflict resolution is at the heart of politics d. Transparency 4. Legitimate power e. Politics as compromise 5. Formal institutions through which a group of people is ruled or governed. and consensus 6. Politics allows human beings to have an attempt in improving their lives f. Equity and inclusiveness and create the Good Society. 7. Importance of government g. Accountability 8. Good governance: people are open to information on decision-making and h. maintenance of peace and implementation order 9. Organizations that are private in nature but affect the process of i. Politics as power governance 10. Good governance gives preferential attention to the conditions of the j. Authority poor. 11. Exercise of control within society k. Rule of Law through the making and enforcement of collective decisions. l. Politics as art of 12. Indicator of good governance government pertaining to active involvement of all affected parties 13. This view sees politics to as present m. Politics in all social activities 14. To study politics is to study n. Aristotle’s view on politics government 15. Exercise of authority by political o. Civil Societies leaders based on the realization that government alone cannot do everything for the people.

19 Additional Activities

Complete the table below. Cite two civil society groups that are helping thegovernment in governance. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Name of Civil Society Advocacy Activities

20 21What I Know What’s More (Lesson1, Activity 2) Assessment 1. D 1. Politics as Compromise and 1. M 2. B Consensus 2. G 3. D 2. Politics as Power 3. E 4. D 3. Politics as Public Affairs 4. J 5. C 4. Politics as Art of Government 5. B 6. C 6. N 7. A 7. H 8. B What’s More (Lesson 2, Activity 2) 8. D 9. D 9. O RESPONSIVENESS 10. F 10. C TRANSPARENCY 11. M 11. A ACCOUNTABILITY 12. C 12. B PARTICIPATORY 13. I 13. C EFFECTIVE 14. L 14. D EFFICIENCY 15. A 15. A CONSENSUS INCLUSIVENESS Answer Key ReferencesCorpuz, Ronald M. 2015. Politics and Governance With 1987 Philippine Constitution.Heywood, Andrew. 2007. Politics. 3rd Edition.Leon, Hector De. 1991. Textbook on the Philippine Constitution.Mendoza, D. n.d. Basic Concepts, Structures, and Functions of Government.” Politics and Governance: Theory and Practice in the Philippine Context.What is Governance. Retrieve from https://tamayaosbc.wordpress.com/2014/08/21/what-is-governance/. (date accessed July 13, 2020)Yap Kioe Sheng. What is good governance?. Retrieve from https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf. (date accessed July 12, 2020)n.d. Retrieve from https://assets.rappler.co/4C448EF346494C738D46A87968403AD6/img/2 FBCC4DE3C5B43FDB43EBBEE668BF17E/Lakad-sa-Kapayapaan-Iwaksi- ang-Karahasan-Solidarity-Walk-February-3-2019-004.jpgn.d. Retrieve from https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2019/feb/07/rules-of-a- traditional-society-1935539.htmln.d. Retrieve from https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ncr-is-now-mecq-20m-face- masks-for-the-poor/n.d. Retrieve from https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2413/5043/articles/handshake- 3200298_1920_1170x.jpg?v=1526513883n.d. Retrieve from https://cdnph.upi.com/ph/st/th/9741573581999/2019/upi_com/c63102e 312b017994a36ce5061c265e1/v2.1/Philippine-authorities-mull-lifting- martial-law-in-Mindanao.jpg?lg=4n.d. Retrieve from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/success_story/basa- rural-teachers.jpgn.d. Retrieve from https://assets.rappler.co/6B6D37B3B8614ACEB4FB607CDC095EB1/img/ 06FCB6029F8A4261A97A56CFA951CD4D/relief-ops-aurora-lando-koppu- 20151021-009.jpgn.d. Retrieve from https://asean.org/storage/2017/11/Signing-ceremony.jpg

22 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS) Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)